/ Cryptopians ^

This is a collection of the footnotes from Laura Shin's book The Cryptopians: Idealism, Greed, Lies, and the Making of the First Big Cryptocurrency Craze to make it easier for those who own physical copies of it. She currently hosts Unchained and you can read more of her writing on Medium or from her time at Forbes (including "Austrian Programmer And Ex Crypto CEO Likely Stole $11 Billion Of Ether" from February 2022 which reveals the identify of the DAO hacker alluded to in the book).

Please send any corrections or comments to @roddie_digital on Twitter.

You can also check out my collected footnotes for Kim Zetter's Countdown to Zero Day.

Table of contents

Preface

  1. Andrew Ross Sorkin, "Lehman Files for Bankruptcy; Merrill Is Sold," New York Times, September 14, 2008.

  2. Gloria McDonough-Taub, "The Collapse of Merrill Lynch Now Told in 'Crash of the Titans,'" CNBC, November 12, 2010; Reuters staff, "TIMELINE: History of Merrill Lynch," Reuters, September 15, 2008.

  3. Tim Paradis, "Stocks End Worst Week Mixed After Wild Session," Associated Press via Wayback Machine, October 11, 2008.

  4. Satoshi Nakamoto, "Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper," metzdowd.com, October 31, 2008.

  5. James Chen, "Low Interest Rate Environment Definition," Investopedia, November 29, 2020.

  6. "The March of Financial Services Giants into Bitcoin and Blockchain Startups in One Chart," CB Insights, February 19, 2017.

  7. "The State of the Token Market," Fabric Ventures and Token Market, January 31, 2018; "2017 Venture Capital Investment in Blockchain," CoinDesk, last modified February 18, 2018.

  8. "Timeline of CME Achievements," CME Group, accessed March 28, 2021; "Company Achievements in 2016," CME Group, accessed March 28, 2021.

  9. Jared Podnos (@jpodnos), "Cryptocurrency: The Discussion on Twitter Keeps Growing," Twitter, November 15, 2017.

  10. "Presidio Forest," National Park Service, last modified March 31, 2012; "History of the Presidio," The Presidio, accessed March 28, 2021; "Fort Point National Historic Site," The Presidio, accessed March 28, 2021.

Chapter 1

  1. Satoshi Nakamoto, "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System," Bitcoin.org, accessed April 3, 2021.

  2. "Quick Facts," The Abelard School, accessed April 3, 2021.

  3. Steven Leckart, "The Stanford Education Experiment Could Change Higher Learning Forever," Wired via Wayback Machine, March 20, 2012.

  4. @kiba, "Bitcoin Weekly Looking For Writers," BitcoinTalk, March 25, 2011.

  5. @kiba, "[RANSOM] Bitcoin Weekly ransoming experiment," BitcoinTalk, June 20, 2011.

  6. Adrian Chen, "The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any Drug Imaginable," Gawker, June 1, 2011.

  7. Vitalik Buterin, "Bitcoin and the Goldbugs," Bitcoin Weekly via Wayback Machine, June 12, 2011.

  8. Vitalik Buterin, "Social Democracy Enforced in Currency," Bitcoin Weekly via Wayback Machine, August 15, 2011.

  9. Bitcoin Weekly (@BitcoinWeekly) Twitter page, Twitter, accessed April 3, 2021. Bitcoin Weekly homepage via Wayback Machine, static for months after September 2011.

  10. Mihai graduated with a degree in cybernetics and economy informatics.

  11. Matthew N. Wright, "Pre-order Bitcoin Magazine—Quality Control, Final Revisions on Proofs," BitcoinTalk, January 25, 2012.

  12. Vitalik Buterin, "Introduction to Bitcoin Terminology Part II," Bitcoin Magazine, March 3, 2012.

  13. Vitalik Buterin, "Common Misconceptions About Bitcoin—a Guide for Journalists," Bitcoin Magazine, December 29, 2012. Note: This article is from December 29, 2012, which is after this point in the book, but few of his articles from before then still exist.

  14. Matthew N. Wright, "September 2012 Bet Resolution," BitcoinTalk, February 2, 2013.

  15. Ripple homepage via Wayback Machine, April 8, 2013.

  16. Vitalik Buterin, "Mastercoin Suggestion: Contracts for Difference," November 4, 2013.

  17. J. R. Willett invented the initial coin offering: Laura Shin, "Here's the Man Who Created ICOs and This Is the New Token He's Backing," Forbes, September 21, 2017.

  18. Vitalik Buterin, "Bitcoin in Canada, Part I: Introducing the Bitcoin Alliance of Canada," Bitcoin Magazine, October 11, 2013.

  19. Anthony Di Iorio (@Anthony Di I.), "Meet at Pauper's Pub in T.O. for a beer and wings and talk all things Bitcoin," Meetup, November 3, 2012.

  20. Charles Hoskinson, "Charles Hoskinson of the Bitcoin Education Project," Let's Talk Bitcoin, audio posted to YouTube by The LTB Network, June 9, 2013, 0:24.

  21. Inside Bitcoins homepage via Wayback Machine, December 10, 2013.

  22. James Ball, "Silk Road: The Online Drug Marketplace That Officials Seem Powerless to Stop," The Guardian, March 22, 2013.

  23. "Past Weather in Toronto, Ontario, Canada—January 2014," TimeandDate.com.

Chapter 2

  1. "Past Weather in Miami, Florida, USA—January 2014," TimeandDate.com.

  2. "BTC Miami Program Final Preview 5," Scribd via Wayback Machine, February 8, 2014.

  3. "Background on the mechanics of the ether pre-sale," Ethereum Foundation Blog, July 9, 2014.

  4. Gavin Wood (@gavofyork), "Ethereum contributions until February 22, 2014," GitHub; Jeffrey Wilcke (@obscuren), "Go Ethereum contributions until February 22, 2014," GitHub.

  5. Although Gavin didn't tell anyone at the time, he had previously been propositioned by someone who suggested that Gavin "fork" (or make a copy of) the Ethereum codebase before launch and go off and build it himself, but Gavin had refused.

  6. Cryptoeconomics is the game theory that gives different actors in a crypto network the incentive to offer services on it that will keep the decentralized network alive without any company in the middle hiring employees and tasking them with specific responsibilities.

  7. "Ethereum Booth at the Bitcoin Expo 2014," video posted to YouTube by Ethereum, April 30, 2014.

  8. Gavin Wood, "ĐApps: What Web 3.0 Looks Like," gavwood.com, April 17, 2014.

  9. Gavin Wood, "Less-techy: What Is Web 3.0?," gavwood.com, April 23, 2014.

  10. Armand Tanzarian, "Recap: Central European Bitcoin Expo 2014," Cointelegraph, June 5, 2015.

  11. When Jeff said he would not remain, perhaps others took it to mean he and Gavin would not continue, because years later many would say Gavin, seen as the ringleader of the devs, had said this.

Chapter 3

  1. "SEC Charges Bitcoin Entrepreneur with Offering Unregistered Securities," SEC, June 3, 2014.

  2. Jake Frankenfield, "Howey Test," Investopedia, updated March 29, 2021.

  3. "Foundation Ethereum (Foundation Ethereum), in Baar, CHE-292.124.800, Grienbachstrasse 55, 6340 Baar, Foundation (new registration). Certificate date: 09.07.2014," Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce, July 17, 2014.

  4. Vitalik Buterin, "Launching the Ether Sale," Ethereum Foundation Blog, July 22, 2014.

  5. Out of that second allocation, people who worked on the protocol between the crowdsale and network launch could buy ETH from the foundation at the crowdsale price for up to 20 percent of their salaries.

  6. "Terms and Conditions of the Ethereum Genesis Sale," Ethereum.org via Wayback Machine, July 23, 2014.

  7. "Dan Larimer and Vitalik Buterin at the North American Bitcoin Conference in Miami," video posted to YouTube by BitShares, April 18, 2014.

  8. Daniel, "The Coming Demise of the Altcoins (and What You Can Do to Hasten It)," The Mises Circle, March 14, 2014.

  9. @Spoetnik, "[ETH] Ethereum = Scam," BitcoinTalk, July 23, 2014.

  10. @GameKyuubi, "I AM HODLING," BitcoinTalk, December 18, 2013.

  11. Via LocalBitcoins.com.

  12. "Mittweida," Wikipedia, accessed March 8, 2021.

  13. Gavin Wood (@gavofyork), "Initial commit, Ethereum / yellowpaper," GitHub, April 2, 2014.

  14. Gavin chose yellow because it "seemed like a reasonable choice after white."

  15. Shideneyu, "I am a developer and I don't understand the Yellow Paper," Reddit, March 21, 2016; Polo46, "If you find the Yellow paper hard to read, this will help you," Reddit, October 5, 2016.

  16. Yoichi Hirai (@pirapira), "Remove the modulo 2^{256} effect in the memory size computation #185," GitHub, September 9, 2016, "Fix mistakes in DELEGATECALL semantics #187," September 29, 2016, GitHub, and "Nitpicking equation (100) #188," GitHub, September 29, 2016.

  17. Vitalik Buterin, "Olympic: Frontier Pre-Release," Ethereum Foundation Blog, May 9, 2015.

  18. Gavin Wood, "Another Ethereum ÐEV Update," Ethereum Foundation Blog via Wayback Machine, June 15, 2015.

  19. "What Is Ether?," Ethereum.org via Wayback Machine, August 7, 2015; "Ethereum Frontier Release," Ethereum.org via Wayback Machine, August 2, 2015.

  20. Stephan Tual, "Announcing the New Foundation Board and Executive Director," Ethereum Foundation Blog, July 30, 2015.

Chapter 4

  1. Anthony Di Iorio, "Ethereum Foundation is hiring an Executive Director," Ethereum Foundation Blog, April 8, 2015.

  2. Ming Chan (@mingchan88), "Lived in CO for almost a decade...," Twitter, May 10, 2019.

  3. @cjphi, "Looks like the early contributor distribution was released about 20 hours ago from the Ethereum foundation via the multisig smart contract," Reddit, August 16, 2015.

  4. Stephan Tual (@Ursium), "No, it's not...," August 16, 2015, comment on "Early Contributor Distribution," Reddit, August 16, 2015.

  5. Vitalik Buterin (@vbuterin), "Okay, let me elaborate...," August 17, 2015, comment on "Early Contributor Distribution."

  6. Stephan Tual (@Ursium), "So for the interest of clarity here...," August 17, 2015, comment on "Early Contributor Distribution."

  7. Vitalik Buterin (@vbuterin), "The 'I don't remember...,'" August 17, 2015, comment on "Early Contributor Distribution."

  8. Vitalik Buterin (@vbuterin), "Also, it's worth noting that...," August 20, 2015, comment on "Early Contributor Distribution."

  9. Stephan Tual, "A message from Stephan Tual," Ethereum Foundation Blog, September 3, 2015.

  10. Vitalik Buterin, "The Evolution of Ethereum," September 28, 2015, Ethereum Foundation Blog.

  11. Shanghai's Wanxiang Blockchain Labs.

  12. Jemima Kelly, "Nine of World's Biggest Banks Join to Form Blockchain Partnership," Reuters, September 15, 2015; Jemima Kelley, "Thirteen More Top Banks Join R3 Blockchain Consortium," Reuters, September 29, 2015.

  13. "DevCon 1," YouTube, video playlist, last updated March 1, 2016.

  14. "DECVON1: Slock.it—Christoph Jentzsch," video posted to YouTube by Ethereum, January 7, 2016.

  15. "Former Ethereum CCO Stephan Tual Joins Slock.it Team," Slock.it (blog), November 6, 2015.

  16. Ethcore homepage via Wayback Machine, November 23, 2015.

Chapter 5

  1. Gavin Wood, "The last Blog Post," Ethereum Foundation Blog, January 11, 2016.

  2. Vitalik Buterin, "Ethereum Foundation Internal Update," Ethereum Foundation Blog, January 7, 2016.

  3. Parity Technologies, "Performance Analysis," February 2, 2016, Parity Technologies Blog.

  4. Gavin Wood (@gavofyork), "ANNOUNCING PARITY, the World's Fastest and Lightest Ethereum Implementation Written in Rust Language," Reddit, February 9, 2016.

  5. "CoinScrum & Proof of Work Present: Tools for the Future—Gavin Wood," video uploaded to YouTube by Satoshi Pollen, December 10, 2014.

  6. DAO contributions from June 21, 2015, to July 26, 2016, GitHub.

  7. Other DAOs pushed back on Slock.it for giving its DAO the generic name of all DAOs. In the end, they stuck with the name, deciding that once the DAO was created, the DAO token holders could vote on what to christen it.

  8. Stephan Tual, "On Contractors and Curators," Slock.it (blog), April 9, 2016, originally at https://blog.slock.it/on-contractors-and-curators-2fb9238b2553#.d3447n7i0.

  9. After a fourteen-day discussion.

  10. The forum was to "cater to the communications needs" of not just the DAO but all kinds of DAOs.

  11. Stephan Tual, "A Primer to Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs)," Slock.it (blog), March 3, 2016, originally at https://blog.slock.it/a-primer-to-the-decentralized-autonomous-organization-dao-69fb125bd3cd.

  12. The forum was moved to forum.daohub.org.

  13. Homepage of The DAO at daohub.org via Wayback Machine, April 27, 2016.

  14. Homepage of The DAO at daohub.org via Wayback Machine, April 30, 2016.

  15. Stephan Tual, "Daohub.org gets a facelift, full scope of The DAO is revealed," Slock.it (blog), April 21, 2016.

  16. "The Curator: World-Class Signatories," daohub.org via Wayback Machine, April 27, 2016.

  17. This code was called the open-source "Standard DAO Framework."

  18. MyEtherWallet homepage via Wayback Machine, April 28, 2016.

  19. Judy Gordon, "11 Questions for Blockchain Community Manager, Auryn Macmillan," Medium, February 1, 2019.

  20. Transaction creating DAO Token contract: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, April 30, 2016.

  21. Wallet that sent roughly $2 million worth of ETH into the DAO (1 ETH, 50,000, 75,000, 135,000, 5.5555, and 53,000): "Transactions: For 0x198ef1ec325a96cc354c7266a038be8b5c558f67," Etherscan.

  22. For "#DAO #LMDAO" with "Just DAO it" meme, see The DAO (@The_DAO_Project), Twitter, May 2, 2016.

  23. Stephan Tual, "The Inexorable Rise of the DAO," Slock.it (blog), May 6, 2016, originally at https://blog.slock.it/the-inexorable-rise-of-the-dao-2b6e739b2615#.ao9c9xi8s.

  24. By end of day May 6, it had raised $20,867,694.

  25. The DAO (@The_DAO_Project), "The #DAO now has 3% of ALL #ETH in existence!! @DAOhubORG...," Twitter, May 7, 2016.

  26. DAOhub (@DAOhubORG), "This is going to be the most epic crowdfunding project in history...," Twitter, May 8, 2016.

  27. BTCWagering, "And we're supposed to believe this was an honest mistake?...," Medium, May 14, 2016.

  28. @ReaderE, "This is the first evidence...," May 14, 2016, comment on "The DAO Creation Period Price Schedule: There is 24 more hours until the price actually rises," Reddit, May 14, 2016.

  29. Gavin Wood, "Why I've Resigned as a Curator of the DAO," Medium, May 13, 2016.

  30. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, "The Sorcerer's Apprentice," trans. Katrin Gygax, accessed March 28, 2021.

  31. 11,727,772.78, to be exact.

  32. Gertrude Chavez-Dreyfuss, "Virtual company may raise $200 million, largest in crowdfunding," Reuters, May 17, 2016.

  33. Ethereum address that sent 315,000 ETH into the DAO: "Transactions: For 0x198ef1ec325a96cc354c7266a038be8b5c558f67," Etherscan, accessed March 28, 2021.

  34. Elaine Ou (@eiaine), "#theDAO is a risk-free investment because token prices increase by time: Early buyers can split off after crowdsale...," Twitter, May 16, 2016.

  35. Stephan Tual, "DAO.Security, a Proposal to guarantee the integrity of The DAO," Slock.it (blog), May 25, 2016, originally at https://blog.slock.it/dao-security-a-proposal-to-guarantee-the-integrity-of-the-dao-3473899ace9d.

  36. @miadeg600, "Slock is trying to loot the DAO...," May 26, 2016, comment on "DAO.Security, a Proposal to guarantee the integrity of The DAO," Reddit, May 25, 2016.

  37. Dino Mark, Vlad Zamfir, and Emin Gün Sirer, "A Call for a Temporary Moratorium on the DAO," Hacking, Distributed, May 27, 2016.

  38. Nathaniel Popper, "Paper Points Up Flaws in Venture Fund Based on Virtual Money," New York Times, May 27, 2016.

  39. Alex van de Sande (@avsa), "The Moratorium and how to move forward," Reddit, June 1, 2016.

  40. Michael del Castillo, "Will The DAO Become Ethereum's Mt Gox?," CoinDesk, June 9, 2016.

  41. In GitHub, where the open-source code was managed.

  42. LefterisJP, "DAO Improvement Request 5—Add Option to withdraw() from the DAO #148," GitHub, May 17, 2016.

  43. CryptoCompare Index ETH All Data (Trading Volume Chart), up to the week of June 20, 2016.

Chapter 6

  1. Vitalik Buterin, "Bitcoin Network Shaken by Blockchain Fork," Bitcoin Magazine, March 13, 2013.

  2. A Guest, "Untitled [Ethereum Foundation/exchanges Skype chat log]," Pastebin, June 17, 2016.

  3. Peter Vessenes, "More Ethereum Attacks: Race-to-Empty is the Real Deal," Vessenes (blog), June 9, 2016.

  4. "About Peter," Vessenes (blog), accessed March 29, 2021, ; Christian Reitwiessner, "Smart Contract Security," Ethereum Foundation Blog, June 10, 2016.

  5. Stephan Tual, "No DAO funds at risk following the Ethereum smart contract 'recursive call' bug discovery," Slock.it (blog) via Wayback Machine, June 12, 2016

  6. Vitalik Buterin (@VitalikButerin), "I will provide my opinion in the way that @Truthcoin would approve of: I have been buying DAO tokens since the security news," Twitter, June 11, 2016.

  7. Child DAO 59 creation transaction: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 8, 2016.

  8. Child DAO 59 creator moves 305,000 DAO tokens to Kraken: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 14, 2016; child DAO creator moves 306,914.7019250663811563 DAO tokens to Poloniex: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 14, 2016.

  9. DAO attack begins, "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 17, 2016.

  10. DAO attacker exchanging 2 BTC for 7,910.21 DAO tokens via ShapeShift: on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com, June 14, 2016, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Ethereum blockchain, see "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 14, 2016; DAO attacker exchanging 2 BTC for 8,306.09610816 DAO tokens via ShapeShift: on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com, June 14, 2016, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Ethereum blockchain, see "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 14, 2016; DAO attacker exchanging 2BTC for 8,306 DAO tokens via ShapeShift: on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Address," Blockchain.com, June 14, 2016, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Ethereum blockchain, see "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 14, 2016; DAO attacker exchanging 1.4 BTC for 52.02 ETH via ShapeShift: on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com, June 14, 2016, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Ethereum blockchain, see "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 14, 2016; DAO tokens in the DAO attacker's main Ethereum address: "Token TheDAO," Etherscan.

  11. DAO attacker voting yes on child DAO 59 from the 0x969 account using contract 0xc0ee9: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 15, 2016; DAO attacker voting yes on child DAO 59 from the 0xf35e2 account using contract 0xf835a: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 15, 2016.

  12. DAO attacker attempts to exchange 0.67744325 BTC on ShapeShift; the money is returned to the attacker's return address: originally via Shapeshift API, June 16, 2016, now at laurashin.com , on the Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com, June 16, 2016.

  13. DAO attacker exchanges 1.23628167 BTC for 46.87979279 ETH via ShapeShift, June 16, 2016: on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on the Ethereum blockchain, see "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 16, 2016.

  14. DAO attacker converted 0.667 BTC into 25 ETH on ShapeShift, June 16, 2016: on Bitcoin blockchain, see Blockchain.com, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Ethereum blockchain, see "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 16, 2016; DAO attacker exchanges .4 BTC for 14.9258 ETH on ShapeShift, June 16, 2016: on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Ethereum blockchain, see "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 16, 2016; DAO attacker converts .31304245 BTC into 1,283.55 DAO tokens via ShapeShift: on the Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on the Ethereum blockchain, see "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 16, 2016.

  15. DAO attacker's first successful recursive call attack on the DAO: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 17, 2016.

  16. Stephan Tual, "DAO Security Advisory: live updates," Slock.it (blog) via Wayback Machine, June 17, 2016, ; Vitalik Buterin, "CRITICAL UPDATE Re: DAO Vulnerability," Ethereum Foundation Blog, June 17, 2016.

  17. "THE FILTER #88 'Tough Day for The DAO,'" interview with Griff Green, video posted to YouTube by The Filter, June 18, 2016.

  18. Last recursive call by DAO attacker on the DAO: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 17, 2016.

  19. Amount the DAO attacker siphoned: "Contract 0x304a554a310C7e546dfe434669C62820b7D83490," Etherscan, June 17, 2016.

  20. Volume of ETH traded on June 17, 2016: "Ethereum," CoinMarketCap, accessed April 4, 2021.

  21. WhalePanda, "The Un-ETH-ical fork," Medium, June 18, 2016.

  22. Vitalik Buterin, "Thinking About Smart Contract Security," Ethereum Foundation Blog, June 19, 2016.

  23. Guest, "An Open Letter," Pastebin, June 18, 2016.

  24. @IAMnotA_Cylon, "I know this is a joke...," June 17, 2016, comment on "Critical update RE: DAO Vulnerability," Reddit, June 17, 2016

  25. [Deleted user], "The guy who stole my car...," June 18, 2016, comment on "Critical update RE: DAO Vulnerability."

  26. @lehmakook, "It is. Even DAO's own website...," June 17, 2016, comment on "Critical update RE: DAO Vulnerability."

  27. Christoph Jentzsch, "What the 'Fork' Really Means," Slock.it (blog), June 18, 2016.

  28. This whale had interviewed Slock.it before investing in the crowdsale to make sure Slock.it was legit.

  29. Alex van de Sande (@avsa), "Update on the White Hat attack," Reddit, June 21, 2016.

  30. Avsa, "Update on White Hat attack."

  31. Earliest recursive call from Robin Hood rescue: "Contract Internal Transactions: For Address 0xb136707642a4ea12fb4bae820f03d2562ebff487," Etherscan, June 21, 2016.

  32. Second recursive call from Robin Hood rescue: "Contract Internal Transactions: For Block 1745931," Etherscan, June 21, 2016. (For those examining closely, DAO tokens were sent thirty-two times, but ETH was returned only thirty-one times. The last send of DAO tokens was back to the Robin Hood Group's malicious contract, because otherwise those tokens would be burned, and the Robin Hood Group, or any attacker, would have to source new coins.)

  33. Third recursive call from Robin Hood rescue: "Contract Internal Transactions: For Block 1745967," Etherscan, June 21, 2016.

  34. Copycat DAO attacker begins attempting to drain the DAO: "Contract Internal Transactions: For Address 0xf4c64518ea10f995918a454158c6b61407ea345c," Etherscan, June 21, 2016.

  35. Robin Hood Group begins re-entrancy attack with 6 million DAO tokens: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, June 21, 2016. (They were only getting 41,187 ETH back per hit, because the attacker had drained 31% of the DAO, and others had drained a bit more, so the ratio was no longer 100 DAO to 1 ETH, but 100 DAO to 0.685 ETH.)

  36. Copycat attacker tries, immediately gives up attacking the DAO: "Contract Internal Transactions: For Address 0xaeeb8ff27288bdabc0fa5ebb731b6f409507516c," Etherscan, June 21, 2016.

  37. Alex van de Sande (@avsa), "DAO IS BEING SECURELY DRAINED. DO NOT PANIC," Twitter, June 21, 2016

  38. Alex van de Sande (@avsa), "DAO is now mostly empty. 7.2M ether have been secured so far...," Twitter, June 21, 2016.

  39. Avsa, "Update on White Hat attack."

Chapter 7

  1. Fabian Vogelsteller (@frozeman), "We know the curator...," June 21, 2016, comment on "Update on the White Hat attack."

  2. Stephan Tual (@Ursium), "This is being heavily debated...," June 21, 2016, comment on "Update on the White Hat attack."

  3. @C1aranMurray,, "I was a hardforker but now no need...," June 22, 2016, comment on "Update on the White Hat attack."

  4. Christoph Jentzsch, "What the 'Fork' Really Means,", Slock.it (blog), June 18, 2016, ; Lefteris Karapetsas, "A DAO Counter-Attack," Slock.it (blog), June 19, 2016.

  5. "THE FILTER #88 'Tough Day for The DAO,'" interview with Griff Green, video posted to YouTube by The Filter, June 18, 2016.

  6. Lefteris Karapetsas, "White Hat Siphoning Has Occurred. What Now?," Slock.it (blog), June 22, 2016.

  7. Karapetsas, "White Hat Siphoning."

  8. Bitcoin Suisse AG (@BitcoinSuisseAG), "Communique from the White hat DAO joiner," Reddit, June 23, 2016.

  9. Fabian Vogelsteller (@frozeman), "I can verify its him...," June 23, 2016, comment on Reddit, "Communique from the White hat DAO joiner."

  10. "Hard Fork Ethereum to Revert the Hack of The DAO," Change.org, accessed March 29, 2021.

  11. Jan Kocjan, "Hard fork to revert stolen DAO funds," The DAO, June 18, 2016.

  12. Stephan Tual (@stephantual), ".@el33th4xor was aware of exploit but didn't inform the DAO security group he joined on 5/31 #theDAO," Twitter, June 20, 2016.

  13. Emin Gün Sirer (@el33th4xor), "These guys will do anything except admit failure and take responsibility," Twitter, June 20, 2016.

  14. Emin Gün Sirer (@el33th4xor), "If the ETH community bails out the DAO (and I believe they should), we need to put in place a social wall around Slockit to avoid a repeat," Twitter, June 21, 2016.

  15. Taylor Van Orden (@insomniasexx), "And THIS is the hate I am talking about...," June 22, 2016, comment on "Cornell Professor Calls for DAO 2.0 Movement," Reddit, June 22, 2016.

  16. Emin Gün Sirer (@el33th4xor), "Hi there, I'm the professor to whom you said, 'grow the fuck up.'...," June 23, 2016, comment on "Cornell Professor Calls for DAO 2.0 Movement."

  17. Stephan Tual (@stephantual), "The only acceptable way forward," Twitter, June 17, 2016.

  18. @Revofever, "Posting memes after you've caused your investors to lose millions... only in crypto," Twitter, June 17, 2016, (tweet no longer available).

  19. Ryan Radloff (@RyanRadloff), "don't worry man, if things don't work out this time we can just fork again, then fork after that if the last fork doesn't work," Twitter, June 24, 2016; Frank F (@Lightrider), "yeah it's super frustrating when people represent things like how safe & secure their robo investment program is to the public," Twitter, June 23, 2016.

  20. [deleted user], "Will Stephan Tual Apologize?," Reddit, June 18, 2016.

  21. Péter Szilágyi, "DAO Wars: Your voice on the soft-fork dilemma," Ethereum Foundation Blog, June 24, 2016.

  22. Fabian Vogelsteller (@feindura), "With the soft fork being vulnerable there are two options left: a hardfork only affecting TheDAOs, or doing nothing...," Twitter.

  23. "TheDAO Proposal_ID 242," Etherscan via Wayback Machine, July 8, 2016.

  24. "TheDAO Proposal_ID 243," Etherscan via Wayback Machine, July 13, 2016.

  25. "TheDAO Proposal_ID 263," Etherscan via Wayback Machine, July 11, 2016; "TheDAO Proposal_ID 265," Etherscan via Wayback Machine, July 10, 2016; "TheDAO Proposal_ID 266," Etherscan via Wayback Machine, July 7, 2016.

  26. White Hat DAO recursive calls with 25.4 million DAO tokens: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, July 11, 2016.

  27. Lefteris Karapetsas (@LefterisJP), "DTH [DAO Token Holders]: Voting request for Counter-Attack Proposals," Reddit, July 4, 2016.

  28. [deleted user], "Come on /u/LefterisJP, you leave us hanging...," July 4, 2016, comment on Karapetsas, "DTH: Voting request."

  29. Stephan Tual, "Why the DAO robber could very well return the ETH on July 14th," Medium Ursium blog via Wayback Machine, July 9, 2016.

  30. @logical, "Hmmmm. So Stephan Tual thinks...," July 9, 2016, comment on "Why the DAO robber could very well return the ETH on July 14th—Ursium blog," Reddit, July 9, 2016.

  31. Transaction in which the Robin Hood Group whitelisted the Dark DAO in the multisig: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, July 11, 2016.

  32. Christoph Jentzsch, "Options in the Hard Fork," Slock.it (blog), July 7, 2016.

  33. "Vote: TheDAO Hard Fork," Carbonvote.com, accessed March 31, 2021.

  34. Jeffrey Wilcke, "To fork or not to fork," Ethereum Foundation Blog, July 15, 2016.

  35. Christoph Jentzsch, "Options in the Hard Fork," Slock.it (blog), July 7, 2016.

  36. Vitalik Buterin (@VButerin), "All monetization schemes fragment...," October 9, 2014, "Comment on 'What's Wrong with Counterparty,'" Reddit, October 9, 2014.

  37. For instance, two weeks after launch, in the middle of the night, he and others saw that the chain had split due to an error in the Go client, so they fixed it and called all the mining pools to upgrade the client.

  38. Vitalik Buterin (@vbuterin), "Quick HF safety tips for users," Reddit, July 17, 2016.

  39. Vitalik Buterin (@vbuterin), "A contract to conditionally send ether to another account post-hF to protect yourself from replay attacks if desired/needed," Reddit, July 17, 2016.

  40. WithdrawDAO smart contract: "Contract 0xBf4eD7b27F1d666546E30D74d50d173d20bca754," Etherscan, accessed March 31, 2021.

  41. July 20, 2016, on "Past Weather in City of Ithaca, New York, USA—July 2016," TimeandDate.com.

  42. "IC3-Ethereum Crypto Boot Camp and Workshop at Cornell University," The Initiative for CryptoCurrencies and Contracts, accessed March 31, 2021.

  43. Christoph Jentzsch, "What an accomplishment!," Slock.it (blog), July 20, 2016.

  44. @pokerman69, "These guys have some nerve...," July 20, 2016, comment on "What an accomplishment!—Slock.it Blog," Reddit, July 20, 2016.

  45. "How do I convert my The DAO tokens into ethers using the withdrawal contract after the hard fork?," StackExchange, Ethereum, July 19, 2016, updated July 20, July 23.

  46. The DAO attacker's DAO tokens move one hop: "Token Transfers: For 0xc0ee9db1a9e07ca63e4ff0d5fb6f86bf68d47b89," Etherscan, June 17, 2016, ; second hop: "Contract 0xca04D260356D19f0D7255041542C9Cbc866F2cB3," Etherscan, July 10, 2016; third hop: "Contract 0x038DDC33dB89d12C4B92607F9ED4a5d6D0D84C2e," Etherscan, July 11, 2016; fourth hop: "Address 0xBe3aE5Cb97c253DdA67181C6E34E43F5C275E08b," Etherscan, July 11, 2016; Wallet from which DAO tokens used in DAO attack were sent to Withdraw contract: "Address 0x26D2d3c9020926020b06923A38Fa3D21572cEb5F," Etherscan, July 23, 2016.

  47. Transaction in which DAO tokens used in DAO attack were sent to Withdraw contract: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, July 23, 2016.

  48. @jps_, "Two Chains," Reddit, July 15, 2016.

  49. Aaron van Wirdum, "Rejecting Today's Hard Fork, the Ethereum Classic Project Continues on the Original Chain: Here's Why," Bitcoin Magazine, July 20 2016.

  50. A hash represents the number of times a certain type of blockchain network can solve a mathematically difficult puzzle every second.

  51. "Ethereum Network Hash Rate Chart," Etherscan, accessed March 31, 2021.

  52. "Daily Average Hashrate (TH/s)," Ethereum Classic Explorer, accessed March 31, 2021

  53. @Seccour, "[ETHC] Ethereum Classic Speculation," BitcoinTalk, July 21, 2016.

  54. Jameson Lopp (@lopp), "Ethereum Classic has < 1% of @ethereumproject's hashing power and while there are plenty of sellers, no one's buying," Twitter, July 21, 2016.

  55. @Mentor77, "Please sell us your eTHC / ETH Classic!," Reddit, July 21, 2016.

  56. Celina Guerrero, "Enterprising Young Composer Founds Sheet Music Publishing House," Musical America Worldwide, January 25, 2012.

  57. The others were Kraken and a Chinese exchange, Yunbi.

  58. Tristan D'Agosta, "An Open Letter from Tristan D'Agosta," Poloniex, press release, accessed March 31, 2021.

  59. "24 Hour Volume Rankings (Exchange) Week of March 11, 2016," CoinMarketCap via Wayback Machine, March 11, 2016; "24 Hour Volume Rankings (Exchange) Week of February 21, 2016," CoinMarketCap via Wayback Machine, February 21, 2016.

  60. "Responses to Common ETC Questions," Poloniex, press release, July 27, 2016.

  61. Poloniex (@Poloniex), "ETC/BTC and ETC/ETH #Ethereum Classic markets added...," Twitter, July 24, 2016.

  62. Poloniex (@Poloniex), All users who had an #Ethereum balance at the moment of the fork now have a matching balance of $ETC," Twitter, July 24, 2016.

Chapter 8

  1. Heriberto Montalvo (@HMontalvo369), wow what a lack of morals...," Twitter, July 24, 2016.

  2. @Crypto_Bitlord, "the original and the best! This is great news for unadulterated Ethereum!," Twitter, July 24, 2016; tweet since deleted.

  3. Chandler Guo (@ChandlerGuo), "I am Chandler Guo, a 51% attack on Ethereum Classic (ETC) is coming with my 98G hashrate http://powtopos.com," Twitter, July 24, 2016.

  4. "Daily Average Hashrate (TH/s)," Ethereum Classic Explorer, accessed March 31, 2021.

  5. "Ethereum Foundation Skype Chat," Imgur, July 26, 2016.

  6. Barry Silbert (@BarrySilbert), "Bought my first non-bitcoin digital currency... Ethereum Classic (ETC)...," Twitter, July 25, 2016.

  7. Barry Silbert (@BarrySilbert), "For those inquiring, @GenesisTrading is facilitating OTC block trading of Ethereum Classic (ETC). Min block size of $25,000," Twitter, July 25, 2016.

  8. Fellow Traveller (@JZAK07), "It means if you have $25k you had been planning on lighting on fire, this may be more amusing," Twitter, July 26, 2016.

  9. "Kraken opens classic ether (ETC) markets and credits ETC to accounts," Kraken (blog), July 26, 2016; Barry Silbert (@BarrySilbert), "Ethereum Classic (ETC) added to Bittrex exchange," Twitter, July 26, 2016,.

  10. Barry Silbert (@BarrySilbert), "Watch the hash rate. ETC up to 6% http://fork.ethstats.net," Twitter, July 26, 2016, ; Barry Silbert (@BarrySilbert), "ETH: 3400 GH/s [82.5%] ETC: 720 GH/s [17.5%] http://fork.ethstats.net," Twitter, July 26, 2016.

  11. Barry Silbert (@BarrySilbert), "What a day," Twitter, July 26, 2016.

  12. Alex van de Sande (@avsa), "Classic feels like a troubled teenager son: you love them, created them, helped them grow, yet all they talk is murdering you on your sleep," Twitter, July 26, 2016.

  13. Charles Hoskinson (@IOHK_Charles), "Two words to guarantee downvotes on the ethereum or bitcoin reddit. Put Charles Hoskinson in the title. So glad to be loved:)," Twitter, March 13, 2015; Charles Hoskinson (@IOHK_Charles), "I never thought I'd tweet this... I'm rejoining Ethereum to start making contributions to Classic. Will report more later," Twitter, July 27, 2016.

  14. "Ethereum Classic," BTC-e News via Wayback Machine, July 27, 2016.

  15. Barry Silbert (@BarrySilbert), "Given number of people calling me an idiot for buying ETC, I'm feeling real good right now. Reminds me of '12 when I started buying BTC <$10," Twitter, July 30, 2016.

  16. Хуёвый Путин (@Banderovetz), "@VitalikButerin Vitaliy is it true that you left ETH and now working with ETC team? Can you kill this rumor once and for all please!," Twitter, August 1, 2016.

  17. Vitalik Buterin (@VitalikButerin), "I am working 100% on ETH," Twitter, August 1, 2016.

  18. Mihai Alisie (@MihaiAlisie), "I am working 100% on ETH #ethereum @AkashaProject," Twitter, August 3, 2016; Joseph Lubin (@ethereumJoseph), "I am working 100% on ETH. @ethereumproject @ConsenSysLLC," Twitter, August 2, 2016; Retweets of Vitalik Buterin's "I am working 100% on ETH" tweet: Twitter, accessed March 31, 2021.

  19. blank (@kristopherives), "What will you do if ETC price overtakes ETH?," Twitter, August 2, 2016.

  20. Vitalik Buterin (@VitalikButerin), "I still won't support ETC," Twitter, August 3, 2016.

  21. Stan Higgins, "The Bitfinex Bitcoin Hack: What We Know (and Don't Know)," CoinDesk, August 3, 2016.

  22. Chris Harborne sends 38,383 ETH into the DAO after the hard fork: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, July 21, 2016.

  23. Transaction showing the White Hat hackers had 33.4 million DAO tokens: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, July 28, 2016.

  24. WhalePanda, "Ethereum: Chain of liars & thieves," Medium, August 16, 2016.

  25. Griff Green, "The DAO's Edge Cases Multisig (Post Hard Fork)," Medium, August 2, 2016.

  26. DAO attacker sends 3.6 million (siphoned) ETC to a grandchild DAO in 10 transactions: "Token Address: 0x10abb5efec...," Ethereum Classic Explorer, July 23, 2016.

  27. Gian, by this point, was also a DAO curator.

  28. Technically, it was the repository.

  29. The function is called "internal transactions."

  30. Jordi Baylina (@jbaylina), "Follow Up Statement on the ETC Salvaged from attackDAOs," Reddit, August 12, 2016; Alexis Roussel, "The White Hats and DAO Wars: Behind the Scenes," Bity Blog, August 13, 2016.

  31. Griff Green, "$55 Million Shockwave: How the DAO Hack Changed Ethereum," interview by Matt Leising, CoinDesk, July 29, 2020, video, 36:35.

  32. A then Polo employee believed that Tristan had not supported the hard fork, thinking it was a bailout to the whales who had put a lot of money into the DAO, and that he also felt token holders should decide whether they wanted ETC or ETH rather than having the WHG decide for them.

  33. Baylina, "Follow Up Statement."

  34. @openvpn_squid, "So basically you stole 7 million in ETC...," August 12, 2016, comment on "Follow Up Statement."

  35. @frozeman, "You are aware, that without their efforts...," August 12, 2016, comment on "Follow Up Statement."

  36. WhalePanda, "Ethereum: Chain of liars & thieves."

  37. Stephan Tual, "On a personal note, from Stephan Tual," Slock.it (blog) via Wayback Machine, August 18, 2016.

  38. This blog post has been deleted.

  39. The comments have been deleted.

  40. Alexis Roussel (@rachyandco), "ETC withdraw contract to be reviewed," Reddit, August 19, 2016.

  41. [deleted user], "Let's get that etc...," August 19, 2016, comment on Roussel, "ETC withdraw contract to be reviewed."

  42. @DaxClassix, "'Free Money!' Part II...," August 19, 2016, comment on Roussel, "ETC withdraw contract to be reviewed."

  43. Alexis Roussel, "Whitehat Withdrawal contract—Update and Next Steps," Bity Blog, August 26, 2016.

  44. Alexis Roussel, "Whitehat Withdrawal contract—Last update before deployment," Bity Blog, August 29, 2016.

  45. Roussel, "Whitehat... Last update before deployment," updated August 30, 2016.

  46. Poloniex (@Poloniex), "We're waiting to get clearance from law enforcement before releasing the WhiteHat ETC now that the withdrawal contract is ready," Twitter, August 31, 2016.

  47. Jesse Powell (@jewpow) and Taylor Van Orden (@insomniasexx), "We are really the worst..." and "You are the worst because...," comments on "Whitehat Withdrawal contract—Last update before deployment," Reddit, August 30, 2016.

  48. Poloniex (@Poloniex), "We are preparing to release the WhiteHat ETC to the withdrawal contract within the next several hours," Twitter, August 31, 2016.

  49. Kraken (@Krakenfx), "Within the next few hours, Kraken will release 499,402.88737 ETC to the WHG's withdraw contract," Twitter, August 31, 2016.

  50. DAO attacker sends 3.6 million (siphoned) ETC to a grandchild DAO in 10 transactions: "Token Address: 0x10abb5efec...," Ethereum Classic Explorer, July 23, 2016.

  51. 3.6 million siphoned ETC moves from 0x10abb address to 0xc362: "Transaction Info: 0xa4031e9619...," Ethereum Classic Explorer, September 5, 2016, ; 3.6 million siphoned ETC moves from 0xc362 address to 0x5e8f: "Transaction Info: 0x7089794758...," Ethereum Classic Explorer, September 5, 2016.

  52. Presumed DAO attacker donates 1,000 ETC to Ethereum Classic developers' donation address: "Transaction Info: 0x38d8dda6ed...," Ethereum Classic Explorer, September 5, 2016; @bit_novosti, "Call for action: What can I do to help Ethereum Classic project?," Reddit, July 22, 2016.

  53. DAO attacker's presumed address receives 0.6931 ETC from 11 A's vanity address: "Transaction Info: 0xb0a0cdb4c3...," Ethereum Classic Explorer, September 6, 2016.

  54. The average number of calculations it would take to brute-force-derive such a public key is (16^11)/2 times, which is 8.8 trillion. The number sixteen is used in the calculation because such addresses are "hexadecimal," meaning they use 0 to 9 and A to F for a total of sixteen letters and digits. The calculation is to the eleventh power for the eleven As, and then one divides by two to get an average of the number of tries.

  55. 0xaaaaaaaaaaa address receives ETH from 0x222222222222fc20 at 8:03:41: "Normal Address: 0xaaaaaaaaaaaf7376faade1dcd50b104e8b70f3f2," Ethereum Classic Explorer, September 6, 2016; 0xaaaaaaaaaaa address receives ETH from 0x222222222222fc20 at 06:03:42 + UTC: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, September 6, 2016; "Transaction Details," Etherscan, September 6, 2016; 0x222222222222fc20 receives ETH from 0xdeadbeefb880: "Address 0x22222222222fC2025C46a84d8c1fE44265054446," Etherscan, June 28, 2016; 0xdeadbeefb880 receives from 0x0000000008b4c9: "Address 0xdeAdbEeFb880c9C347a173Bb5B69A629389937a9," Etherscan, May 10, 2016; 0x0000000008b4c9 receives from four other vanity addresses: "Transactions: For 0x0000000008b4c94610f112d6bae67a198ca6269d," Etherscan, accessed March 31, 2021.

  56. Presumed DAO attacker sends ETC to other addresses: "Normal Address: 0x085acc2d9794fc82e88b9b7b561ac3fea56406a9," Ethereum Classic Explorer, accessed March 31, 2021.

Chapter 9

  1. Griff Green, "ExtraBalance Withdraw Contract to be Funded on September 15th," Medium, September 13, 2016.

  2. Bok Khoo (@BokkyPooBah), "The DAO ExtraBalWithdraw Contract Has Now Been Topped Up," Reddit, September 16, 2016.

  3. "Directors," IC3: The Initiative for CryptoCurrencies & Contracts via Wayback Machine, September 10, 2016.

  4. "Founder of the Apache Software Foundation Joins Linux Foundation to Lead Hyperledger Project," Hyperledger, May 19, 2016.

  5. Azure, the first blockchain-as-a-service.

  6. IBM was known for building relationships with open-source projects by contributing code to an open-source foundation and building an enterprise consulting business around that, as it had done with Red Hat and Linux.

  7. "Jerry Cuomo," LinkedIn, accessed April 1, 2021.

  8. Specifically, all Ethereum codebases were GPL licensed.

  9. An example of such a permissive license would be Apache 2.0.

  10. Ian Allison, "Hyperledger Project Reflects on Blockchain Politics," International Business Times, January 31, 2017.

  11. The Ethereum ecosystem talked on the Light Ethereum Subprotocol (LES); Parity created the Parity Light Protocol (PIP) just for Parity nodes.

  12. Some of the complaints were chronicled in Piper Merriam, "An open letter to Gavin and Ethcore," Medium, March 6, 2017; Piper Merriam (@pipermerriam), "An open letter to Gavin and Ethcore," Reddit, March 6, 2017; and Piper Merriam, "An open letter to the Ethereum community," Medium, March 7, 2017.

  13. Ming Chan, "Devcon2: Welcome & Introduction Panel," video posted to YouTube by Ethereum Foundation, October 11, 2016, 15:04.

  14. For average block time data between July 1 and September 20, 2016, see "Ethereum Average Block Time," YCharts, July 1, 2016, to September 20, 2016, accessed April 1, 2021.

  15. Péter Szilágyi (@karalabe), "From Shanghai, with love (1.4.12)," GitHub, September 18, 2016.

  16. Alex van de Sande (@avsa), "Fixed. It seems that the total damage of the vulnerability was that devcon2 presentations are running 30 min late," Twitter, September 19, 2016.

  17. Christoph Jentzsch, "Smart Contract Security," video posted to YouTube by Ethereum Foundation, October 25,2016, 11:15-11:35.

  18. Jeffrey Wilcke, "The Ethereum network is currently undergoing a DoS attack," Ethereum Foundation Blog, September 22, 2016; Vitalik Buterin, "Transaction spam attack: Next Steps," Ethereum Foundation Blog, September 22, 2016.

  19. Wilcke, "The Ethereum network is currently undergoing a DoS attack."

  20. Others did as well: @TommyEconomis, "Why did Gavin leave the Ethereum team?," Reddit, November 12, 2016.

  21. Gavin Wood, "Onwards," Parity, October 6, 2016.

  22. Péter Szilágyi (@karalabe), "What else should we rewrite? (1.4.14)," GitHub, September 28, 2016; @woodaxed, "Into the Woods (1.4.13) not syncing #3049," GitHub, September 27, 2016; Péter Szilágyi (@karalabe), "Come at me Bro (1.4.15)," GitHub, October 3, 2016.

  23. Hudson Jameson, "FAQ: Upcoming Ethereum Hard Fork," Ethereum Foundation Blog, October 18, 2016; Hudson Jameson, "Hard Fork No. 4: Spurious Dragon," Ethereum Foundation Blog, November 18, 2016.

  24. Jameson, "Hard Fork No. 4."

  25. "Ethereum Asia Pacific Limited," OpenGovSG, accessed April 1, 2021.

  26. Tagesregister-Nr. 13416 vom 21.10.2016 / CHE-292.124.800 / 03128115, Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce, October 21, 2016.

Chapter 10

  1. Fred Ehrsam, "Ethereum Is the Forefront of Digital Currency," Coinbase Blog, May 24, 2016.

  2. Fred Ehrsam, "Blockchain Tokens and the Dawn of the Decentralized Business Model," Coinbase Blog, August 1, 2016.

  3. Joel Monegro, "Fat Protocols," USV Blog, August 8, 2016.

  4. Fabian Vogelsteller (@frozeman), "ERC: Token standard #20," GitHub, November 19, 2015.

  5. "Listed Domestic Companies, Total—United States," World Bank, accessed April 2, 2021.

  6. Kosala Hemachandra (@kvhnuke), "Ether Wallet: Open Source JavaScript Client-Side Ether Wallet," GitHub via Wayback Machine, August 17, 2015,.

  7. "Whois Record for MyEtherWallet.com," DomainTools, accessed April 2, 2021.

  8. MyEtherWallet homepage via Wayback Machine, September 1, 2015.

  9. Taylor Monahan (@insomniasexx), "MyEtherWallet Chrome Extension: The Beta Has Arrived," Reddit, February 9, 2016.

  10. Taylor Monahan (@insomniasexx), "How to participate in 'The DAO' creation via MyEtherWallet (yes... right NOW!)," Reddit, April 30, 2016; "Withdraw DAO," MyEtherWallet via Wayback Machine, October 3, 2016.

  11. Alex Sunnarborg, "Blockchain for CPU? Analyzing Golem's Ethereum Token Sale," CoinDesk, November 11, 2016.

  12. "Golem: Will It Enable the P2P Computing Market?," Smith + Crown via Wayback Machine, November 5, 2017.

  13. "Enterprise Ethereum," Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS), United States Patent and Trademark Office, accessed April 2, 2021; "Enterprise Ethereum Alliance," Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS), United States Patent and Trademark Office, accessed April 2, 2021.

  14. Michael del Castillo, "Big Corporates Unite for Launch of Enterprise Ethereum Alliance," CoinDesk, February 28, 2017.

  15. "Week in Ethereum News: February 19, 2017," Week in Ethereum News, February 19, 2017.

  16. Jules Kim's Twitter profile: ScoobyDoo (@CointrolFreak), Twitter, accessed April 2, 2021.

  17. "Margin Trading," Poloniex via Wayback Machine, August 17, 2016.

  18. Laura Shin, "The Emperor's New Coins: How Initial Coin Offerings Fueled a $100 Billion Crypto Bubble," Forbes, July 27, 2017.

  19. Johannes Pfeffer, "The Gnosis Token Auction," ConsenSys, May 2, 2017.

  20. "The Aragon Token Sale: The Numbers," Aragon, May 19, 2017; Corey Petty, "A Look at the Aragon ICO Investment Distribution," Medium, May 18, 2017.

  21. "Consensus 2017: Making Blockchain Real," CoinDesk via Wayback Machine, May 21, 2017.

  22. MobileGo homepage via Wayback Machine, May 20, 2017.

  23. @aknnig, "Stability of myEtherWallet during hectic ICO," Reddit via Removeddit, May 3, 2017.

  24. @hlamat, "i had that issue too, my transaction went through for the 3rd try...," May 3, 2017, comment on "Stability of myEtherWallet"; "How Ethereum Mining Works," CoinDesk, March 30, 2017.

  25. Taylor Monahan (@insomniasexx), "Holy shit. I think you might be right...," May 3, 2017, comment on, "Stability of myEtherWallet."

  26. Jonathan Keane, "$35 Million in 30 Seconds: Token Sale for Internet Browser Brave Sells Out," CoinDesk, May 31, 2017.

  27. MyEtherWallet (@MyEtherWallet), "WAT #batshitcrazy, 1.89% got in; $67k in failed fees, largest fee paid: $6,374.51," Twitter, May 31, 2017.

  28. "Insolvenzverschleppung," Wikipedia, accessed April 2, 2021.

  29. $525 million in 2017 versus $7.5 million in December 2016: "CryptoCurrency Market Capitalizations," CoinMarketCap via Wayback Machine, June 19, 2017; "CryptoCurrency Market Capitalizations," CoinMarketCap via Wayback Machine, December 19, 2016.

  30. [deleted user], "IMPORTANT: Bancor's terms state that you can't participate in the IPO if you're American," Reddit, June 11, 2017.

  31. "Bancor Network Token (BNT) Contribution & Token Allocation Terms," Medium, June 5, 2017.

  32. MyEtherWallet (@MyEtherWallet), "We're doing everything we can to keep shit online. CHECK your ACCOUNT—your TX may / may have shows up. 3k+ pending TXs still in pool," Twitter, June 12, 2017.

  33. Joon Ian Wong, "Ethereum unleashed the 'initial coin offering' craze, but it can't handle its insane success," Quartz, June 15, 2017.

  34. Wong, "Ethereum Unleashed the 'initial coin offering' craze."

  35. "Global Cryptocurrency Charts: Percentage of Total Market Capitalization (Dominance)," CoinMarketCap, accessed April 2, 2021.

  36. "The Status Network: A Strategy Towards Mass Adoption of Ethereum," Status, accessed April 2, 2021.

  37. Ryan Shea (@ryanshea), "The Status ICO on Ethereum started just minutes ago and already has over 10,000 unconfirmed TX's worth 450,000 ETH https://slacknation.github.io/medium/018/," Twitter, June 20, 2017.

  38. @legosexual, "Can we make a mega thread for people to explain what's happening to ETH today?," Reddit via Removeddit, June 21, 2017.

  39. Dan Finlay (@danfinlay), "No? Status just raised as much as they could possibly want, for chat stickers and ads," Twitter, June 21, 2017.

  40. Joon Ian Wong, "Fake news of a fatal car crash wiped out $4 billion in ethereum's market value yesterday," Quartz, June 26, 2017.

  41. Vitalik Buterin (@VitalikButerin), "Another day, another blockchain use case," Twitter, June 25, 2017.

  42. "Global Cryptocurrency Charts," CoinMarketCap.

  43. MyEtherWallet (@MyEtherWallet), "Cmonnnnnnn Have you learned NOTHING from the last week?! Take your heads out greedy asses (you too, FOMO investors!) & look around," Twitter, June 26, 2017; MyEtherWallet (@MyEtherWallet), "Sit down—we've got some news for you. Kickass products can exist without a token & taking all the money," Twitter, June 29, 2017.

  44. Jeremiah O'Connor and Dave Maynor, "COINHOARDER: Tracking a Ukrainian Bitcoin Phishing Ring DNS Style," Talos, February 14, 2018.

  45. MyEtherWallet (@MyEtherWallet), "1/ Alright Crappy Token Creators listen up. I am 100% out of patience. It's 10am. I haven't slept. And you are going to get to hear me rant," Twitter, July 17, 2017.

Chapter 11

  1. The culprit was a library that Parity was using to deploy the multisig.

  2. Blockchain at Berkeley (@CalBlockchain), "WARNING!!," Twitter, July 19, 2017.

  3. WhalePanda (@WhalePanda), "Critical security alert for $ETH @ParityTech wallet if you're using it for multisig," Twitter, July 19, 2017.

  4. Hirish (@hirishh), "Are you ready for Ethereum Very Classic?," Twitter, July 19, 2017.

  5. If I don't Survive, I was BORN FREE! (@Get_Liquid), "So hardfork to get the $32M? Or are those people not well connected to the foundation so fuckem?," Twitter, July 19, 2017.

  6. Lorenz Breidenbach et al., "An In-Depth Look at the Parity Multisig Bug," Hacking, Distributed, July 22, 2017. On the Parity multisig attacker cashing out of 50 ETH the day after the attack: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, July 20, 2017, accessed April 2, 2021.

  7. Parity Technologies (@ParityTech), "IMPORTANT: SECURITY ALERT: https://blog.parity.io/security-alert-high-2/... Move funds in multi-sig wallet created in Parity Wallet 1.5 or higher immediately," Twitter, July 19, 2017.

  8. Parity Technologies, "Security Alert," Parity, July 21, 2017.

  9. Transaction showing WHG member Jordi Baylina received 366 million BAT: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, July 19, 2017; transaction showing WHG member Jordi Baylina received 169.69 FUCKtoken: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, July 19, 2017.

  10. Jordan Pearson, "How Coders Hacked Back to 'Rescue' $208 Million in Ethereum," Vice, July 24, 2017.

  11. Jordi Baylina (@jbaylina), "Rescued Multisig Owners Can Use a Smart Contract to Request Where the WHG Should Send the Funds," Reddit, July 23, 2017.

  12. Jordi Baylina (@jbaylina), "The WHG has Returned ~95% of the Funds and Now Hold Less Than $10 Million Worth of Rescued Funds," Reddit, July 26, 2017.

  13. Mitch Brenner, "How I Snatched 153,037 ETH After a Bad Tinder Date," Medium, September 12, 2017.

  14. "Cyber Enforcement Actions: Digital Assets/Initial Coin Offerings," US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), accessed April 2, 2021; "U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Litigation Release No. 23870," SEC, June 30, 2017.

  15. Gertrude Chavez-Dreufuss, "U.S. SEC Official Urges Companies Issuing Tokens to Protect Investors," Reuters, May 23, 2017.

  16. @megashira1, "$4.5million USD worth of VERI stolen," BitcoinTalk, July 23, 2017.

  17. 36,688 exactly (analytics/token transfers): "Address 0x3fff90bF314673194c3A265Ed1c0aA68f59550C4," Etherscan, June 15, 2021.

  18. Homepage of the World's First 100% Honest Ethereum ICO via Wayback Machine, June 27, 2017.

  19. "SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION; SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934; Release No. 81207 / July 25, 2017; Report of Investigation Pursuant to Section 21(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: The DAO," SEC, July 25, 2017.

  20. "A Section 21(a) Report History Lesson: SEC Issues New One Cautioning Rating Agencies," TheCorporateCounsel.net, September 1, 2010.

  21. Harry Denley (@sniko_), "People need to do their DD. Suicide was 23 hrs 35 mins ago:/," Twitter, July 28, 2017.

  22. MyEtherWallet (@MyEtherWallet), "1. We. Have NOT been hacked...," Twitter, July 20, 2017.

  23. Muneeb (@Muneeb), "Crypto communities using Slack get targetted by phishing attacks and removing unique usernames massively adds to that problem," Twitter, October 12, 2017.

  24. Harry Denley (@sniko_), "A quick peek into a #phishers mail box. Look at the number of targets (and it's not a full list)—this is for 1 domain," Twitter, August 20, 2017.

  25. Lily Hay Newman, "A Very Dumb Mistake Costs Cryptocurrency Investors Big Time," Wired, August 21, 2017.

  26. Laura Shin, "Hackers Have Stolen Millions of Dollars in Bitcoin—Using Only Phone Numbers," Forbes, December 20, 2016.

  27. "Swiss Criminal Code, Article 146," Federal Council of the Swiss Confederation, accessed April 2, 2021.

  28. Anthony even asked Dmitry, Vitalik's father, who was also in Toronto, to persuade them to talk to him. Dmitry had already intervened in cases when Anthony had split on bitter terms with Decentral employees. Each time, it was like the psychology study showing that if someone were shown a mug to buy and another person were given the same mug to sell, the one selling would believe it could fetch a much higher price. Anthony exhibited an extreme version of the seller's bias. Given his history, when Anthony told Dmitry he believed he was owed what amounted to $155 million, Dmitry was skeptical.

  29. "Token Sale," Civic, accessed April 2, 2021; Anthony Di Iorio (@diiorioanthony), "I am an advisor to @skrumblehq," Twitter, April 18, 2018; "Anthony Di Iorio," ICO Holder, accessed April 2, 2021.

  30. Simona Pop, "How Blockchain Bounties Helped Our Far-Flung Employees Collaborate," ConsenSys, August 6, 2018.

  31. "Ashoka Finley," LinkedIn, accessed April 2, 2021.

  32. "Yunyun Chen," LinkedIn, accessed April 2, 2021; Sarah Baker Mills, "Blockchain Designer Profile: Yunyun Chen," ConsenSys Media, November 15, 2017.

  33. Some of them reverse-calculated his comments into estimates that, at least at one point, he held 9 percent of all ETH.

  34. "Robert Bench," LinkedIn, accessed April 2, 2021.

  35. Cosmos, Dfinity, Polkadot, Tezos, etc.

  36. Matthew J. Belvedere, "Unfazed by Wild Swings, Strategist Tom Lee Still Sees Bitcoin Surging Another 600% in 5 Years," CNBC, updated September 15, 2017; "Tom Lee: Here's Why Bitcoin Will Hit $25,000," CNBC, September 15, 2017, video, 2:48.

  37. Eli Meixler, "With over 29,000 Homicides, 2017 Was Mexico's Most Violent Year on Record," Time, January 21, 2018.

  38. While the EF had thought about security ahead of time, the conference moved from continent to continent; it was North America's turn. The Bitcoin Expo had been in Canada in 2014, and in 2017 the Donald Trump administration had banned citizens of seven countries from entering the United States, leaving Mexico.

  39. Elaine Ramirez, "Crazy for Cryptocurrency: Why South Koreans Are Risking It All on Ethereum," Forbes, August 2, 2017.

Chapter 12

  1. This post has been deleted.

  2. devops199 (@devops199), "paritytech/parity#6995 is this serious issue?," Gitter, November 6, 2017.

  3. Andrey Degtyaruk (@hlogeon), "Hey guys, Do you know your multisig was hacked? Why no one react on this?," Gitter, November 7, 2017.

  4. A. F. Dudley (@AFDudley), "The person who killed the library made an understandable mistake," Gitter, November 7, 2017.

  5. devops199 (@devops199), ":(," Gitter, November 7, 2017.

  6. devops199 (@devops199), "will i get arrested for this?:(," Gitter, November 7, 2017.

  7. Iconomi multisig dollar value: "Contract 0x376c3E5547C68bC26240d8dcc6729fff665A4448," Etherscan, accessed April 2, 2021; Musiconomi multisig dollar value: "Contract 0xc7CD9d874F93F2409F39A95987b3E3C738313925," Etherscan, accessed April 2, 2021.

  8. List of many multisig wallets frozen by Parity bug: "Accounts Parity Bug," Etherscan, accessed April 2, 2021.

  9. @latetot, "How could parity have been so reckless with the multisig wallets?...," November 8, 2017, comment on @heliumcraft, "MegaThread: Parity Multi-Signature Library Self-Destruct," Reddit, November 8, 2017; @latetot, "I will not support...," November 8, 2017, comment on "MegaThread."

  10. "A Postmortem on the Parity Multi-Sig Library Self-Destruct," Parity, November 15, 2017.

  11. @BeezLionmane, "Even with initiatizliation...," November 8, 2017, comment on "MegaThread."

  12. Vitalik Buterin (@VitalikButerin), "I am deliberately refraining from comment on wallet issues, except to express strong support for those working hard on writing simpler, safer wallet contracts or auditing and formally verifying security of existing ones," Twitter, November 8, 2017.

  13. Vitalik Buterin (@vbuterin), "Reclaiming of ether in common classes of stuck accounts #156," GitHub.

  14. @sciyoshi, "As noted elsewhere, this EIP as written won't allow withdrawing ether from multisig contracts created using the recently suicided Parity wallet library, since they do have code at their address...," GitHub, November 7, 2017.

  15. List of accounts affected by the Parity bug: "Accounts Parity Bug," Etherscan.

  16. "Historical Snapshot—05 November 2017," CoinMarketCap, November 5, 2017; "Historical Snapshot—19 June 2016," CoinMarketCap, June 19, 2016.

  17. Gavin Wood (@gavofyork), "Thanks to @VitalikButerin for the same—I could never have built #ethereum without you:-)," Twitter, August 10, 2017.

  18. Péter Szilágyi (@peter_szilagyi), "Ah yes, thank you @gavofyork for single handedly building #Ethereum! We—the other 30+ programmers—really enjoyed watching you work!," Twitter, August 10, 2017.

  19. Yung Nam Cheah, "The Best Things to Do in Mong Kok, Hong Kong," The Culture Trip, June 24, 2019.

  20. Gunjan Banerji, "CBOE Teams Up with Winklevoss Twins for Bitcoin Data," Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2017.

  21. "Timeline of CME Achievements," CME Group, accessed April 2, 2021; "Bitcoin Pricing Product Frequently Asked Questions," CME Group, May 14, 2017; CME Group, "CME Group Announces Launch of Bitcoin Futures," CME Group, October 30, 2017.

  22. Laura Shin, "Will This Battle for the Soul of Bitcoin Destroy It?," Forbes, October 23, 2017.

  23. Brady Dale, >"CBOE Releases New Details on Bitcoin Futures Contracts," CoinDesk, updated November 21, 2017.

  24. CME Group, "CME Group Self-Certifies Bitcoin Futures to Launch Dec. 18," CME Group, December 1, 2017.

  25. Axiom Zen, "CryptoKitties: The World's First Ethereum Game Launches Today," PR Newswire, November 28, 2017.

  26. Joon Ian Wong, "The ethereum network is getting jammed up because people are rushing to buy cartoon cats on its blockchain," Quartz, December 4, 2017; Alyssa Hertig, "Loveable Digital Kittens Are Clogging Ethereum's Blockchain," CoinDesk, December 4, 2017.

  27. Roham Gharegozlou, "What Makes a CryptoKitty Worth $140,000?—Ep.75," interview by Laura Shin, Unchained, August 7, 2018, podcast, 54:39.

  28. Seema Mody, "Winklevoss Twin Predicts Multitrillion-Dollar Value for Bitcoin," CNBC, December 9, 2017; Dan Murphy, "Analyst Who Predicted Bitcoin's Rise Now Sees It Hitting $300,000–$400,000," CNBC, December 17, 2017; Dan Murphy, "Trader Who Called Bitcoin Rally Says Cryptocurrency Will Surge Above $100,000 in 2018," CNBC, December 11, 2017.

  29. Michelle Castillo, "This High School Dropout Who Invested in Bitcoin at $12 Is Now a Millionaire at 18," CNBC, June 20, 2017; Laura Shin, "Return of the Day Traders," Forbes, July 10, 2017; Defend Assange Campaign (@DefendAssange), "My deepest thanks to the US government, Senator McCain and Senator Lieberman for pushing Visa, MasterCard, Payal, AmEx, Mooneybookers, et al, into erecting an illegal banking blockade against @WikiLeaks starting in 2010. It caused us to invest in Bitcoin—with > 50000% return," Twitter, October 14, 2017.

  30. Chris O'Brien, "Moonlambos Sells Lamborghinis for Bitcoin to Help Gilded Cryptocurrency Generation Spend Its Windfall," VentureBeat, December 15, 2017.

  31. John Saddington, "INITIAL LAMBO OFFERING—MoonLambos.io—Get YOUR Bitcoin Lambo Now!," Medium, January 1, 2018.

  32. @PineappleFund, "I'm donating 5057 BTC to charitable causes! Introducing The Pineapple Fund," Reddit, December 13, 2017.

  33. "40 Under 40: 2016," Fortune, accessed April 2, 2021.

  34. Vitalik Buterin, "Ethereum Foundation Internal Update," Ethereum Foundation Blog, January 7, 2016.

  35. "About the Ethereum Foundation," Ethereum.org/foundation via Wayback Machine, September 6, 2015; "About the Ethereum Foundation," Ethereum.org/foundation via Wayback Machine, March 4, 2016.

  36. June (@JUN_SYNQA), "Omise is now official Special advisor (Thomas) for Ethereum. #omise #blockchain #ethereum https://ethereum.org/foundation," Twitter, March 8, 2016.

  37. "Thomas Greco—About ECF," video uploaded to YouTube by LinkTime, May 17, 2018.

  38. "Clarifying the Role of the Ethereum Foundation with Ethereum's Aya Miyaguchi | EDCON Toronto 2018," video uploaded to YouTube by LinkTime, June 19, 2018, 0:13.

  39. Amir Taaki (@Narodism), "Bitcoin is turning into a failed project. The seeds of its destruction among the debris of a community blinded by numerical price increases, and imminent divine reclamation. One day you will all understand my words but it will be too late, the ship would have sailed," Twitter, December 26, 2017.

  40. Vitalik Buterin (@VitalikButerin), "_All_ crypto communities, ethereum included, should heed these words of warning. Need to differentiate between getting hundreds of billions of dollars of digital paper wealth sloshing around and actually achieving something meaningful for society," Twitter, December 27, 2017.

  41. Vitalik Buterin (@VitalikButerin), "If all that we accomplish is lambo memes and immature puns about 'sharting,' then I WILL leave...," Twitter, December 27, 2017.

  42. Zheping Huang, >"The world now has a cryptocurrency pop group," Quartz, January 10, 2018.

  43. Nellie Bowles, "Everyone Is Getting Hilariously Rich and You're Not," New York Times, January 13, 2018.

  44. @CryptoOnly, "Money Skeleton," Reddit, December 25, 2017.

  45. "Past Weather in San Francisco, California, USA—January 2018," TimeandDate.com.

Epilogue

  1. Anna Irrera, "U.S. SEC Official Says Ether Not a Security, Price Surges," Reuters, June 15, 2018.

  2. Taylor Monahan, "A New Beginning: MyCrypto.com," Medium, February 8, 2018.

  3. Robert Hackett, "This Big Cryptocurrency Acquisition Could Create a Wall Street–Style Financial Giant," Fortune, February 26, 2018.

  4. Charles Hoskinson, "Blockchain Podcast #36—Charles Hoskinson, Founder of Cardano," interview by Finance Magnates, February 15, 2018, audio, 6:55, 7:32.

  5. Charles Hoskinson (@IOHK_Charles), "I graduated but did not complete a PhD. I will return and finish it after I retire...," Twitter, September 9, 2018.

  6. Kevin Dugan, "Inside the Crypto Bro Fest That Took Over New York City," New York Post, May 17, 2018.

  7. Natalie Wong and Gerrit De Vynck, "Crypto Pioneer Buys Penthouse in Former Toronto Trump Tower," Bloomberg, June 20, 2018.

  8. Olga Kharif, "Ethereum Co-Founder Says Safety Concern Has Him Quitting Crypto," Bloomberg, July 16, 2021.

  9. Jeff Kauflin, "Cryptopia In Crisis: Joe Lubin's Ethereum Experiment Is a Mess. How Long Will He Prop It Up?" Forbes, December 5, 2018.

  10. Nikhilesh De, "Ethereum Studio ConsenSys Just Bought an Asteroid Mining Company," CoinDesk, November 1, 2018.

  11. David Canellis, "What we know about the ConsenSys layoffs, as told by a 'fired' employee," The Next Web, December 7, 2018.

  12. Bijan Stephen, "ConsenSys Plans to Spin Out Most of Its Startups, and It's Going to Mean Layoffs," The Verge, December 20, 2018.

  13. Jon Victor, "ConsenSys Seeks $200 Million from Investors After Bumpy Year," The Information, April 15, 2019.

  14. "After Buying Planetary Resources, ConsenSys Sets Its Space Ideas Free—but Will Sell Off the Hardware," Geekwire, May 1, 2020.

  15. Ian Allison, "ConsenSys Acquires JPMorgan's Quorum Blockchain," CoinDesk, August 25, 2020.

  16. "Blockchain Firm ConsenSys Raises $65 Million from J.P. Morgan, Others," Reuters, April 13, 2021.

  17. Ian Allison, "ConsenSys Confidential: Ethereum Builder Is Back in Growth Mode, Document Reveals," CoinDesk, March 15, 2021.

  18. "Etherchain coin vote on EIP 999," etherchain.org via Wayback Machine, April 25, 2018.

  19. Transaction showing devops199's address had received 0.225 ETH from ShapeShift at 18:28 UTC on November 1, 2017: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, November 1, 2017; converting 0.01018338 BTC to 0.22458989 ETC on ShapeShift: originally via ShapeShift API, accessed April 3, 2021, now at laurashin.com.

  20. Transaction converting Bitcoin at 18:23 UTC on November 1, 2017: "Summary," Blockchain.com, November 1, 2017; transaction converting 0.2450965 ETH into 0.01041138 BTC on ShapeShift: originally via ShapeShift API, accessed April 3, 2021, now at laurashin.com.

  21. Account that provided original funding for the ETH that, after some conversions, was used to freeze the Parity wallets had done 1,200 transactions in six days: "Address 0x18788EdabBABc203BC7C157518dc4B2d4529F884," Etherscan, accessed April 3, 2021.

  22. "SEC v. PlexCorps, Dominic LaCroix, and Sabrina Paradis-Royer Case No, 17-cv-7007 (CBA) (RML) (E.D.N.Y.)," SEC, December 1, 2017; Jordan Pearson, "PlexCoin Scam Founder Sentenced to Jail and Fined $10K," Vice, December 8, 2017.

  23. Transaction showing conversion of 0.09 ETH into 0.256 XMR on ShapeShift: "Tx Hash: d78721d954...," xmrchain.net, January 16, 2018.

  24. Transaction showing conversion of XMR via ShapeShift to 0.07329 ETH on January 15, 2018 at 7:41 UTC: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, January 16, 2018, accessed April 3, 2021; transaction showing conversion of 0.23 XMR to 0.07329 ETH on ShapeShift: originally via ShapeShift API, accessed April 3, 2021, now at laurashin.com.

  25. Ryan Mac, "A Cryptocurrency Pioneer Wrote About Sex with a Preteen Girl on His Blog. He Says It Was Fiction," BuzzFeed News, September 19, 2018.

  26. Ming Chan, "To Infinity and Beyond!," Ethereum Foundation Blog, January 31, 2018. The other four Ethereum Foundation Blog posts were "Devcon3 videos available now!," November 26, 2017; "Devcon3!!!," November 16, 2017; "The Devcon2 site is now live!," July 8, 2016; "Ethereum Foundation and Wanxiang Blockchain Labs announce a blockbuster event combining Devcon2 and the 2nd Global Blockchain Summit in Shanghai, September 19–24, 2016," April 5, 2016.

  27. Ethereum Team, "Farewell and Welcome," Ethereum Foundation Blog, January 31, 2018.

  28. "Ethereum Development Halts After Vitalik Discovers Sex," Coin Jazeera, accessed April 3, 2021.

  29. "Two Arrested for Extortion of Startup Cryptocurrency Company," Department of Justice, US Attorney's Office, Eastern District of New York, September 18, 2019.

  30. Dominic Kennedy and Oliver Wright, "Christopher Harborne: Brexit Party's Bankroller Has a Thai Doppelganger," The Times, November 27, 2019.

  31. "Brexit's top donor outed as Bitfinex, Tether parent shareholder," Protos, April 23, 2021.

  32. 0xf0e42 address (presumed DAO attacker) attempts to spam Ethereum or commit a denial-of-service attack: "Transactions for 0xf0e42abda410cefb5b4dc4de92a3de5b309e02f2," Etherscan, April 17, 2016.

  33. 0xf0e42 address (presumed DAO attacker) sends zero ETH to random Ethereum addresses as if attempting to increase blockchain bloat: "Transactions for 0xf0e42abda410cefb5b4dc4de92a3de5b309e02f2," Etherscan, April 30, 2016.

  34. First transactions of 0xf0e42 address (presumed DAO attacker) enter the DAO one Wei at a time: "Transactions for 0xf0e42abda410cefb5b4dc4de92a3de5b309e02f2," Etherscan, April 30, 2016; last transactions of the presumed DAO attacker entering the DAO one Wei at a time: "Transactions for 0xf0e42abda410cefb5b4dc4de92a3de5b309e02f2," Etherscan, April 30, 2016; one transaction for 0.000111111111111 ETH: "Transaction Details," Etherscan, April 30, 2016.

  35. 0xf0e42 address (presumed DAO attacker) sends a stream of one-Wei transactions, which can't be deleted as dust: "Transactions for 0xf0e42abda410cefb5b4dc4de92a3de5b309e02f2," Etherscan, May 2, 2016.

  36. Presumed DAO attacker moving almost 364,241 ten times from Dark DAO to child DAO: "Address Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, July 23, 2016.

  37. Presumed DAO attacker moves more than 3.6 million ETC from the Dark DAO from a child DAO to 0xc362ef: "Transaction Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, September 5, 2016.

  38. Presumed DAO attacker moves nearly all the money from HackerOne to HackerTwo: "Transaction Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, September 5, 2016; presumed DAO attacker moves the last roughly twenty-one ETC from HackerOne to HackerTwo: "Transaction Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, September 5, 2016.

  39. Presumed DAO attacker donates to the Ethereum Classic developers' fund: "Transaction Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, September 5, 2016.

  40. First transactions of BTC into 1M2aaN address: "Transaction Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, October 25, 2016, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Address," Blockchain.com, October 25, 2016.

  41. Presumed DAO attacker resumes another string of cash-outs on October 25–26, 2016: "Address Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com, October 25, 2016.

  42. Presumed DAO attacker finishes cash-outs on October 26, 2016: "Transaction Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, October 26, 2016, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com, October 26, 2016.

  43. Dexaran sends the presumed DAO attacker 1.05 ETC: "Transaction Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, October 28, 2016.

  44. Christian Seberino, PhD, "The Dexaran Interview," Medium, December 20, 2017.

  45. Presumed DAO attacker's attempted cash-out of 2,634.93 ETC blocked by ShapeShift: originally on ShapeShift API, November 14, 2016, now at laurashin.com.

  46. Presumed DAO attacker's attempted cash-out of 100.23 ETC blocked by ShapeShift: originally on ShapeShift API, November 16, 2016, now at laurashin.com.

  47. First presumed DAO attacker cash-out transaction on December 2, 2016: "Transaction Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, December 2, 2016, , originally via ShapeShift API, December 2, 2016, now at laurashin.com, on Bitcoin blockchain, Blockchain.com, December 2, 2016; first in a series of the presumed DAO attacker's successful conversions of ETC to BTC on December 5, 2016, on ShapeShift: "Transaction Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, December 5, 2016, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Bitcoin blockchain; first in a series of cash-outs from ETC to BTC on December 6: "Transaction info," Ethereum Classic Explorer, December 6, 2016, , originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com; first in a series of thirteen successful cash-outs from ETC to BTC: Ethereum Classic Explorer, December 7, 2016, originally via ShapeShift API, now at laurashin.com, on Bitcoin blockchain, see "Summary," Blockchain.com.

  48. First in series of five attempted cash-outs from ETC to BTC that were all blocked by ShapeShift: originally on ShapeShift API, December 9, 2016, now at laurashin.com; last in a series of five attempted cash-outs from ETC to BTC that were all blocked by ShapeShift: originally on ShapeShift API, December 9, 2016, now at laurashin.com; final attempted cash-out from ETC to BTC on ShapeShift is blocked: originally on ShapeShift API, December 11, 2016, now at laurashin.com.

  49. Amount remaining in the Dark DAO on Ethereum Classic: "Address Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer.

  50. Amount remaining in one of the presumed DAO attacker's cash-out addresses: "Address Info," Ethereum Classic Explorer.

  51. Presumed DAO attacker sends fifty BTC to Wasabi: "Summary," Blockchain.com, September 7, 2019.

  52. "Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Arrest of United States Citizen for Assisting North Korea in Evading Sanctions," Department of Justice, US Attorney's Office, Southern District of New York, November 29, 2019.

  53. Kieran Smith, "Ethereum Developer Arrested over North Korea Controversy," Brave New Coin, December 3, 2019; Vitalik Buterin (@VitalikButerin), "Enjoy!," Twitter, January 18, 2019.

  54. Erik Schatzker, "Paul Tudor Jones Buys Bitcoin as a Hedge Against Inflation," Bloomberg, May 7, 2020; Billy Bambrough, "A Legendary Hedge Fund Billionaire Just Flipped to Bitcoin—Calling It 'Better' Than Gold," Forbes, November 12, 2020; Ray Dalio, "What I Think of Bitcoin," Bridgewater, January 28, 2021.

  55. Steve Kovach, "Tesla Buys $1.5 Billion in Bitcoin, Plans to Accept It as Payment," CNBC, February 8, 2021; Paul Vigna, "MassMutual Joins the Bitcoin Club with $100 Million Purchase," Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2020; Anna Irrera, "Exclusive: PayPal Launches Crypto Checkout Service," Reuters, March 30, 2021.

  56. "Federally Chartered Banks and Thrifts May Provide Custody Services for Crypto Assets," Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, July 22, 2020.

  57. Brady Dale, "With COMP Below $100, a Look Back at the 'DeFi Summer' It Sparked," CoinDesk, October 20, 2020; Laura Shin, "DeFi Security: With So Many Hacks, Will It Ever Be Safe?," Unchained, May 5, 2020.

  58. William Foxley, "Ethereum 2.0 Beacon Chain Goes Live as 'World Computer' Begins Long-Awaited Overhaul," CoinDesk, December 7, 2020.

  59. "NFT Collectible Rankings by Sales Volume (All-time)," CryptoSlam, accessed April 3, 2021.

  60. Samantha Hissong, "Kings of Leon Will Be the First Band to Release an Album as an NFT," Rolling Stone, March 3, 2021; Sam Moore, "Kings of Leon Have Generated $2million from NFT Sales of Their New Album," NME, March 12, 2021; Grace Kay, "Grimes Made $5.8 Million in Under 20 Minutes Selling Crypto-based Artwork," Business Insider, March 1, 2021.

  61. EtherRock Price (@etherrockprice), "EtherRock 27 purchased for E888 Ether ($2,872,733.28) 5 hrs 56 mins ago (Aug-28-2021 09:37:29 AM +UTC) Txn: etherscan.io/tx/0x12c646e37...#EtherRock #EtherRocks," Twitter, August 28, 2021.

  62. OpenSea monthly volume, DuneAnalytics, accessed August 30, 2021.

  63. Stephani Crets, "Etsy continues to grow sales and find new buyers," Digital Commerce 360, August 6, 2021.

  64. Nathaniel Whittemore, "Are NFTs Just This Cycle's ICOs?," CoinDesk, March 2, 2021.


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